..., that may elicit beneficial phenotypic variation. Post-larval acclimation under moderate hypercapnia can elicit beneficial phenotypes under subsequent stress encounters. This acclimatory capacity is likely contingent on stress intensity (i.e. magnitude, duration, frequency of stress periods) and timing...

... point for larval survival. Crassostrea gigas Larvae Metabolic rate Protein synthesis Temperature Phenotypic variation The environment is a primary driver of biological variation. Among many well-studied environmental factors, temperature is a major controlling factor that governs...

... and Reynolds, 2015 ), but the amount of these resources can vary between offspring. Such non-genetic maternal contributions that alter offspring fitness are known as maternal effects. When maternal resource contributions underlying maternal effects vary, phenotypic variation in offspring can arise ( Mousseau...

...-by-environment interaction Oxidative stress Phenotypic variation Phenotypic quality Sexual selection Secondary sexual trait Phenotypic variation within wild populations is extremely wide ( Dale, 2006 ). One potential explanation for this variation is that alternative phenotypes are adapted...

... a weak response to selection in the inbred and outbred lines, with variability across lines. Environmental effects Selection Stress Phenotypic variation Inheritance Phenotypic variance observed in quantitative traits is classically additively split into genetic (G), environmental (E...

... environmental light. Visual ecology Diurnal/nocturnal feeders Phenotypic variation Adaptation Teleost Spectral tuning Detection of visual cues is often critical for behavioural tasks such as mate choice, escape from predators or foraging ( Detto, 2007 ; Foote et al., 2004 ; Miyagi et al...

... phenotypic variation in natural animal populations. To visually compare the size of within- versus between-individual variance among autonomic indexes, we performed the same linear mixed models on the data after it had been standardized ( x −mean)/s.d. and extracted variance components ( Figs 1 B and 2 B...

...Sepand Riyahi; Roser Vilatersana; Aaron W. Schrey; Hassan Ghorbani Node; Mansour Aliabadian; Juan Carlos Senar ABSTRACT Epigenetic modifications can respond rapidly to environmental changes and can shape phenotypic variation in accordance with environmental stimuli. One of the most studied...

... biologists, yet the concept has greatly advanced our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary importance of individual phenotypic variation in behaviour. Experimental biologists have much to gain from adopting a similar individual-level approach to (1) quantify and understand variation in organismal...

... the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. COMPETING INTERESTS No competing interest declared. 11 4 2013 9 7 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 cuticular hydrocarbons fertility signal pheromone phenotypic variation nestmate...

... variation among many different individuals. The third implication is that it is unlikely that one gene, or a set of genes, is responsible for the phenotypic variation among all individuals. For example, if cardiac metabolism is related to health or fitness, then which genes affect the health...