... reveals that equally preferable gaits do not translate into energy minimization. Metabolic cost Gait Locomotion Motor control Two-alternative forced-choice Utility theory National Institutes of Health 5T32EB009406 R01NS063399 Northwestern University http://dx.doi.org...

... work to restore dissipative losses could account for 31% of the net metabolic cost. Soft tissue dissipation, not included in most biomechanical studies, explains most of the variation in negative work of walking, and could account for a substantial fraction of the metabolic cost. Healthy adult...

...-to-run transition speed . J. Exp. Biol. 208 , 799 - 808 . 10.1242/jeb.01435 Ortiz , A. L. R. , Giovanelli , N. and Kram , R. ( 2017 ). The metabolic costs of walking and running up a 30-degree incline: implications for vertical kilometer foot races . Eur. J. Appl. Physiol...

...Christopher J. Arellano; Obioma B. McReynolds; Shernice A. Thomas ABSTRACT Humans often perform tasks that require them to carry loads, but the metabolic cost of carrying loads depends on where the loads are positioned on the body. We reasoned that carrying loads at the arms’ center of mass (COM...

... reveals how the nervous system discovers energy optimal gaits. Sensorimotor control Exoskeletons Metabolic cost Energy expenditure Reinforcement learning People often learn optimal coordination strategies. That is, the nervous system has an objective for movement and it adapts its...

.... ( 2014 ). Partitioning the metabolic cost of human running: a task-by-task approach . Integr. Comp. Biol.   54 , 1084 - 1098 . 10.1093/icb/icu033 Bennett , M. B. ( 1989 ). A possible energy-saving role for the major fascia of the thigh in running quadrupedal mammals . J. Zool.   219...

... Push-off Walking Metabolic cost Inverse dynamics Extensor muscles spanning the ankle (i.e. plantarflexors) are a critical functional component of the human musculoskeletal system, powering daily activities such as walking. These muscles generate as much as 50% of the total mechanical power...

... rate appeared to decrease with increasing force rate for hopping. However, this paradox is the result of comparing different cross-sections of the metabolic cost landscapes for hopping and running. The apparent relationship between metabolic rate and force rate observed in treadmill running is likely...

... rate (RMR) in dolphin A and B, respectively. As vocal effort increased, we found that there was a significant increase in metabolic rate over RMR during the 2 min following sound production in both dolphins, and in total oxygen consumption (metabolic cost of sound production plus recovery costs...

... article: With a short digestive tract and high metabolic demand, the fish-eating myotis faces confounding digestive challenges. It meets these demands with an unusually energetically intense digestive response. Specific dynamic action Bat Oxygen consumption Metabolic cost The evolution...

... the reproductive modes. Conversely, post-ovulation TIOC was more than three times higher in viviparous females, reflecting a dramatic increase in embryonic metabolism as well as maternal metabolic costs of pregnancy (MCP). MCP accounted for 22% of total metabolism in viviparous females, whereas it was negligible...

... was performing work was significantly higher at 15°C than at 25°C, regardless of acclimation conditions. Muscle therefore consumed significantly more oxygen at 15°C for a given work output than at 25°C, and plastic responses did not modify this thermodynamic effect. The metabolic cost of muscle performance...

... disturbances, such as separations of mother–calf pairs and vessel approaches. It is clear that acoustic communication is important to the survival of these marine mammals, yet the metabolic cost of producing whistles and other socials sounds and the energetic consequences of modifying these sounds in response...

... at their preferred speed, kinematic and kinetic data were collected and mechanical work at the main lower limb joints (hip, knee, ankle) was calculated. In a separate treadmill experiment, metabolic costs were measured. Analysis revealed that the principal differences between running and galloping are located...

...Kristine L. Snyder; Claire T. Farley SUMMARY At a given running speed, humans strongly prefer to use a stride frequency near their ‘optimal’ stride frequency that minimizes metabolic cost. Although there is no definitive explanation for why an optimal stride frequency exists, elastic energy usage...

... in the average COM work rate exacted a proportional metabolic cost. The similar patterns of COM work and COM work rate during rocking and walking support the use of rocking to isolate the mechanics of step-to-step transitions. We found that the ankle was the main joint contributing to the positive work required...

...Gregory S. Sawicki; Daniel P. Ferris SUMMARY We examined the metabolic cost of plantar flexor muscle–tendon mechanical work during human walking. Nine healthy subjects walked at constant step frequency on a motorized treadmill at speeds corresponding to 80% (1.00 m s –1 ), 100% (1.25 m s –1 ), 120...

...Gregory S. Sawicki; Daniel P. Ferris SUMMARY We examined healthy human subjects wearing robotic ankle exoskeletons to study the metabolic cost of ankle muscle–tendon work during uphill walking. The exoskeletons were powered by artificial pneumatic muscles and controlled by the user's soleus...

... by the user's own soleus electromyography (i.e. proportional myoelectric control) to determine whether mechanical assistance at the ankle joint could reduce the metabolic cost of level, steady-speed human walking. We hypothesized that subjects would reduce their net metabolic power in proportion to the average...

... 2005 CO 2 emission digestion flea host specificity metabolic cost Acomys cahirinus Gerbillus dasyurus The effect of host species and flea sex on the amount of blood consumed by a flea per individual and per unit body mass of unfed flea was analyzed using two-way analysis...