... movements. For jumping frogs, the use of elastic energy in tendons is facilitated through a geometric latching mechanism that operates through dynamic changes in the mechanical advantage (MA) of the hindlimb. Despite the well-documented use of elastic energy storage, frog jumping is a locomotor behavior...

... ). Phenotypic traits and resource quality as factors affecting male reproductive success in a toadfish . Behav. Ecol. 29 , 496 - 507 . 10.1093/beheco/ary002 Brunt , E. M. , Turko , A. J. , Scott , G. R. and Wright , P. A. ( 2016 ). Amphibious fish jump better on land after...

... generate or dissipate energy based on the energetic requirements of the center of mass during non-steady-state locomotion. In order to examine contributions of the foot and its muscles to non-steady-state locomotion, we compared the energetics of the foot and ankle joint while jumping and landing before...

... phototaxis and visual responses to vertically oriented contrast patterns. Nymphal E. tiaratum also use directed jumping to cross gaps, and respond to tactile stimulation and potential threat with a self-dropping reflex, resulting in aerial descent. Post-hatch dispersal in E. tiaratum thus consists...

... effects of limb inertia, musculoskeletal architecture and contractile dynamics. We introduce in vitro virtual reality ( in vitro -VR) which enables in vitro muscle tissue to drive a musculoskeletal jumping simulation. In hardware, muscle force from a frog plantaris was transmitted to a software model...

...Katja Söhnel; Christian Rode; Marc H. E. de Lussanet; Heiko Wagner; Martin S. Fischer; Emanuel Andrada ABSTRACT A considerable body of work has examined the dynamics of different dog gaits, but there are no studies that have focused on limb dynamics in jumping. Jumping is an essential part of dog...

..., because large hind legs are often associated with jumping and take-off, the performance of this behaviour by the two sexes was determined. Take-off was generated by a series of small-amplitude wing beats followed by larger ones, with the hind legs contributing little or no propulsion. The mean...

...Simon V. Reichel; Susanna Labisch; Jan-Henning Dirks ABSTRACT Many insects are able to precisely control their jumping movements. Once in the air, the properties of the actual landing site, however, are almost impossible to predict. Falling insects thus have to cope with the situation at impact...

..., 1975 ), froghoppers ( Burrows, 2006 ), planthoppers ( Burrows, 2009 ), fleas ( Bennet-Clark and Lucey, 1967 ; Rothschild et al., 1975 , 1972 ; Sutton and Burrows, 2011 ) and flea beetles ( Brackenbury and Wang, 1995 ; Nadein and Betz, 2016 ). Bush crickets also use their hind legs to jump but use...

... s −1 . In all three strategies the performance could be explained without invoking energy storage and power amplification mechanisms. Jumping and take-off performance were derived from measurements taken from the high-speed videos and from subsequent calculations ( Table 3 ). The time taken...

... modulate performance within locomotor modes remain unclear. We explored how Kassina maculata , a species known for both running and jumping abilities, modulates take-off angle from horizontal to nearly vertical. Specifically, how do 3D motions of leg segments coordinate to move the centre of mass (COM...

...Anna M. Shih; Leah Mendelson; Alexandra H. Techet ABSTRACT Smallscale archer fish, Toxotes microlepis , are best known for spitting jets of water to capture prey, but also hunt by jumping out of the water to heights of up to 2.5 body lengths. In this study, high-speed imaging and particle image...

..., along with the performance of a range of locomotor activities, from running and climbing to jumping and swimming. These locomotor effects can impact on activities critical for survival and reproduction, including escaping predators, capturing prey and acquiring mates. In this Commentary, we first review...

...Gal Ribak; Eyal Dafni; Dan Gerling ABSTRACT The transition from ground to air in flying animals is often assisted by the legs pushing against the ground as the wings start to flap. Here, we show that when tiny whiteflies ( Bemisia tabaci , body length ca. 1 mm) perform take-off jumps with closed...

... that differs in many aspects of behaviour, physiology and morphology. Prominent amongst these differences is that solitarious locusts have proportionately longer hind femora than gregarious locusts. The hind femora contain the muscles and energy-storing cuticular structures that propel powerful jumps using...

...Gregory S. Sawicki; Peter Sheppard; Thomas J. Roberts ABSTRACT During rapid movements, tendons can act like springs, temporarily storing work done by muscles and then releasing it to power body movements. For some activities, such as frog jumping, energy is released from tendon much more rapidly...

... jumping exist and it is not known whether they prepare for larger landing forces by changing forelimb kinematics. In this study, we used high-speed video of 51 hops from five cane toads ( Bufo marinus ) to test the hypothesis that forelimb kinematics change predictably with distance. We measured...

... limit. We used a unique opportunity provided by a frog jumping contest to evaluate the validity of existing laboratory estimates of maximum jumping performance in bullfrogs ( Rana catesbeiana ). We recorded video of 3124 bullfrog jumps over the course of the 4-day contest at the Calaveras County Jumping...

... endurance swimming jumping frog climate change Silurana Anura Amphibians are pertinent model taxa with which to investigate the effects of climate change as their physiological performance is highly thermally dependent ( Navas et al., 2008 ; Wilson and Franklin, 2000 ; Wilson et al., 2000...

...James D. Gardiner; Robert L. Nudds SUMMARY The jump performance of five insectivorous bat species ( Miniopterus schreibersii, Myotis blythii, Myotis capaccinii, Myotis myotis and Rhinolophus blasii ) was filmed using a high-speed camera. All study bats jumped using a similar technique...