...Lucia F. Jacobs; Basil el Jundi; Almut Kelber; Barbara Webb ABSTRACT One of the outstanding questions in evolution is why Homo erectus became the first primate species to evolve the external pyramid, i.e. an external nose. The accepted hypothesis for this trait has been its role in respiration...

... associated energy costs and injury risks, and why non-cursorial mammals avoid such locomotor behaviors. * Author for correspondence ( raichlen@email.arizona.edu ) 21 12 2011 © 2012. 2012 AEA 2-AG positive affect running walking locomotion Homo exercise endogenous...

... Homo plantigrade running walking foot strike type Compared with other great apes, humans are hypothesized to be physiologically and anatomically specialized for endurance running ( Carrier, 1984 ; Bramble and Lieberman, 2004 ). Although many species of mammals run faster over short...

... Homo Hylobates Cercopithecus Macaca Semnopithecus Locomotion, which requires stability, progression and adaptation( Das and McCollum, 1988 ; Patla, 1991 ; Patla, 1997 ; Shumway-Cook and Woollacott,2001 ), depends upon visual, vestibular and somatosensory inputs to provide continually...