...: zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata, N =4) and diamond dove ( Geopelia cuneata, N =3). We measured kinematics using high-speed video, aerodynamics using particle image velocimetry, and ground-reaction forces using a perch mounted on a force plate. In contrast with the first three wingbeats of take-off...

... of the wings during the transition to air is unknown. To investigate this transition, we integrated measurements of both leg and wing forces during take-off and the first three wingbeats in zebra finch ( Taeniopygia guttata , body mass 15 g, N =7) and diamond dove ( Geopelia cuneata , body mass 50 g, N =3). We...