..., which is a common dosage in ecoimmunological studies, lost more body mass than individuals from other treatment groups. However, every dose of LPS resulted in a commensurate increase in oxidative damage. Parasitic mite abundance had no effect on oxidative damage across treatments. The amount...

.... ( 2012 ). The energetics of immunity: mechanisms mediating trade-offs in ecoimmunology . In Ecoimmunology (ed. G.   Demas and R. J.   Nelson ), pp. 259 - 296 . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . Dolezal , B. A. , Potteiger , J. A. , Jacobsen , D. J. and Benedict...

... systemic infections, with the response varying according to the number and type of concurrent immune challenges. Ecoimmunology Microbiome regulation Physiological networks Lepidopteran The gut microbiome is vital for many animals, both vertebrate ( Montalban-Arques et al., 2015...

...' Choice: Appetite loss during illness occurs in all animals. It may be an important protection against food toxins. Mobilizing immune defense depresses the ability to detoxify food (as shown in caterpillars). Illness-induced anorexia Psychoneuroimmunology Sickness behavior Ecoimmunology...

...Melissa A. Bernardo; Michael S. Singer ABSTRACT Research on parasite-altered feeding behavior in insects is contributing to an emerging literature that considers possible adaptive consequences of altered feeding behavior for the host or the parasite. Several recent ecoimmunological studies show...

... to the physiological state. Ecoimmunology Chronic stress Stress hormones Attacin Phenoloxidase Glutathione Octopamine Predation Predators induce fight-or-flight stress responses in their prey, but chronic activation of these responses results in immunosuppression in mammals ( Sapolsky et al., 2000...

.... and Schat , K. A. ( 2013 ). Ecoimmunology. In Avian Ecoimmunology , 2nd edn (ed. K. A. Schat, B. Kaspers, P. Kaiser), pp. 391-411 . Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd . Adkisson , C. ( 1996 ). Red crossbill . Birds North Am.   256 , 1 - 23 . Alonso-Alvarez , C. and Tella , J. L...

... sickness symptoms, such that they correspond with natural seasonal variation in sickness intensity. Acute phase response Cortisol Ecoimmunology Lipopolysaccharide Mounting an appropriate immune response to infection is a necessity for survival in a pathogen-rich environment. An organism's...

... 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2014 Thermoregulatory-dependent immune investment Temperature Ecoimmunology Phenoloxidase Seasonality Plasticity Insects are ectothermic poikilotherms whose body temperature covaries with ambient temperature. Still, insects can...

... temperature-dependent immunity plasticity seasonality phenoloxidase lytic ecoimmunology Seasonal dynamics in pathogen infection rates have long been recognized ( Nelson and Demas, 1996 ; Grassly and Fraser, 2008 ). These shifts may be due to stable cycles in vector abundance, pathogen...

...Otto Seppälä; Katja Leicht SUMMARY Understanding the outcomes of host–parasite interactions in nature is in high demand as parasites and pathogens are important for several ecological and evolutionary processes. Ecological immunology (ecoimmunology) has a key role in reaching this goal because...