... stages, even when conditions improve. These data reveal trait-specific relationships between environmental conditions and development, and highlight how natal environment effects may vary by developmental stage. * Author for correspondence ( jmallen@sfu.ca ) Competing interests The authors...

... the relative thermal sensitivities of embryos of three species of freshwater snail with marked differences in their developmental event timings. Embryos of Lymnaea stagnalis , Radix balthica and Physella acuta were videoed hourly for the duration of their embryonic development at two temperatures: 20°C and 25...

...Emilie Mauduit; Raphaël Jeanson ABSTRACT In many taxa, the subsocial route is considered the main pathway to permanent sociality, but the relative contribution of offspring interactions and parental care to the maintenance of cohesion and tolerance at advanced developmental stages remains poorly...

... , A. V. ( 2008 ). Phylogeny, scaling, and the generation of extreme forces in trap-jaw ants . J. Exp. Biol. 211 , 2358 - 2368 . 10.1242/jeb.015263 Spence , H. R. and Knowlton , R. E. ( 2008 ). Morphological and developmental differences in three species of the snapping...

... in biochemical strategies of protein synthetic dynamics (synthesis, degradation, accretion). Increased protein turnover, not resulting in increased protein accretion, appears to be a common mechanism for the stress response in developmental stages of marine invertebrates. For instance, in larval stages of C...

... in the laboratory, so their exact age was known, their auditory sensitivity was measured using auditory brainstem responses, and middle ear development and function were assessed by anatomical studies and laser vibrometry. We found that the developmental stage of the middle ear depends on the size of the toad...

... ). Such trade-offs are continuously changing in relation to the individual's physical and physiological status. In altricial birds (‘Species whose chicks remain in the nest for much or all of their development’: Starck and Ricklefs, 1998 ), the developmental hypothesis predicts that the stress response...

... the potential to adapt to changing climates. In this Commentary, we use temperature-dependent sex determination as an example to explore the mechanistic processes underlying the development of temperature-sensitive phenotypes. We synthesize the current literature on how variable thermal conditions affect...

... laevis tadpoles initially breathe air by bubble sucking, but after significant growth and development, they transition to breaching. Comparisons between these breathing modes are therefore confounded by other developmental changes. While we were able to detect statistically significant differences...

...Haruka Wada; Victoria Coutts ABSTRACT Developing animals display a tremendous ability to change the course of their developmental path in response to the environment they experience, a concept referred to as developmental plasticity. This change in behavior, physiology or cellular processes...

... , 2020 ). Combined with the present study, these results emphasize that development of a complex organism is limited by the circulatory system. Thus, protecting a rigid cardiac developmental programme ensures that the growth and organization of the heart muscle parallels somatic growth...

... to eclosion and the allometric scaling of RMR. Given that agricultural intensification and increasing urbanisation have led to a decrease in both forage availability and dietary diversity for bees, our results are critical to improving understanding of the impacts of poor developmental nutrition on bee growth...

... on adult immune function are unknown. We found no effects of a developmental manipulation on innate immune function during adulthood in zebra finches. Innate immunity Development Brood size manipulation Meso-population Taenopygia guttata The early developmental period is a sensitive...

... for offspring to adjust their behavioral or physiological phenotypes throughout development rather than being canalized based upon a short-term developmental experience. Too much sensitivity to the early life environment may be maladaptive for species in a highly variable environment, as this could result...

...Andreas Nord; Jan-Åke Nilsson ABSTRACT Incubating birds trade off self-maintenance for keeping eggs warm. This causes lower incubation temperature in more challenging conditions, with consequences for a range of offspring traits. It is not yet clear how low developmental temperature affects cold...

..., 1999 ; Goldstone et al., 2006 ; Hamdoun and Epel, 2007 ). Again, however, empirical evidence of thermal sensitivity in relation to developmental complexity remains equivocal. Sensitivity generally increases with progression through life stages in insects ( Bowler and Terblanche, 2008 ), but marine...

... and development trajectories that may permanently impact adult phenotype (i.e. developmental plasticity) ( Beldade et al., 2011 ; Uller, 2008 ; West-Eberhard, 2003 ). For example, over 80% of surveyed ectotherms exhibit larger body sizes following cooler developmental temperatures ( Atkinson, 1994 ), which can...

... not always limit oxygen diffusion. Aerial incubation coupled with hypoxia causes some embryos to arrest development. The observed stage-specific responses are consistent with an intrinsic bet-hedging strategy in embryos that would increase developmental variation in a potentially adaptive manner...

... mm 3 samples from vertebral bodies and tested them in compression in three orientations (rostrocaudal, dorsoventral and mediolateral) at 2 mm min −1 . We determined variation in mechanical properties between sexes, and among developmental stages, vertebral regions and testing orientations. We also...

... (1994) found that when Xenopus laevis tadpoles were denied access to air after hatching, their ability to develop and inflate the lungs was delayed and the probability of successful metamorphosis significantly decreased (but see Rose and Jones, 2013 ). Buoyancy and developmental necessity...