...://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/ Summary: Co-stimulating both copies of an identified modulatory projection neuron at the same combined firing rate used for single copy stimulation results in different microcircuit output. Central pattern generator Descending control Gastric mill rhythm...

...Stav Talal; Amir Ayali; Eran Gefen ABSTRACT Large insects actively ventilate their tracheal system even at rest, using abdominal pumping movements, which are controlled by a central pattern generator (CPG) in the thoracic ganglia. We studied the effects of respiratory gases on the ventilatory...

...Dahlia Kushinsky; Ekaterina O. Morozova; Eve Marder ABSTRACT The heart and pyloric rhythms of crustaceans have been studied separately and extensively over many years. Local and hormonal neuromodulation and sensory inputs into these central pattern generator circuits play a significant role...

... activity of the medicinal leech. The presence and characteristics of the stomatogastric nervous system, vital for feeding, are reported here for the first time. Feeding Serotonin Dopamine Central pattern generator Decision making Neuromodulation For many decades, the European medicinal...

... ventilation motor patterns that could explain the mechanistic basis of discontinuous gas exchange cycles in locusts. Tracheal system Insects Active ventilation Spiracles Electromyogram Central pattern generator Discontinuous gas exchange (DGE) has been the most studied gas exchange pattern...

... Fioravante , D. and Regehr , W. G. ( 2011 ). Short-term forms of presynaptic plasticity . Curr. Opin. Neurobiol.   21 , 269 - 274 . 10.1016/j.conb.2011.02.003 Fort , T. J. , Brezina , V. and Miller , M. W. ( 2004 ). Modulation of an integrated central pattern generator...

... of the hindbrain vocal circuit accompany call pattern divergence during speciation in African clawed frogs. Central pattern generator Vocalization Communication Xenopus Evolution Motor The complex temporal dynamics of motor patterns arise from finely tuned circuits in the central nervous...

... between free and fictive locomotor dynamics revealed very similar swimming frequencies for similarly sized animals, including a comparable developmental decrease of the swimming frequency. Body morphology and the motor output rhythm of the spinal central pattern generator therefore develop concurrently...

...Géraldine von Uckermann; François M. Lambert; Denis Combes; Hans Straka; John Simmers ABSTRACT During swimming in the amphibian Xenopus laevis , efference copies of rhythmic locomotor commands produced by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG) can drive extraocular motor output appropriate...

... gastric mill (chewing) and pyloric (filtering of food) central pattern generators. In vitro , the pyloric rhythm is stereotyped with little variation, but inter-circuit interactions and neuromodulation can alter both rhythm cycle frequency and structure. The range of variation of activity in vivo...

... activated the gastric mill rhythm, suggesting that the pyrokinin receptor(s) in the stomatogastric nervous system is relatively promiscuous. Central pattern generator Neuromodulation Peptide It is now well established that central pattern generators, although they are anatomically ‘hard...

... 2015 Central pattern generator Neuromodulation Neuropeptide The crustacean cardiac neuromuscular system, which consists of the cardiac ganglion ( Fig. 1 ) and the heart musculature, is among the simplest CPG-effector systems known ( Cooke, 2002 ). The decapod heart is neurogenic; its...

... measured in both species ( Borgmann et al., 2009 ; Fuchs et al., 2012 ). Inter-leg coordination during locomotion may be achieved by connections between central pattern generator (CPG) networks controlling each leg, by inter-leg afferent signals, and by mechanical coupling among legs during stance...

... 7 2014 12 11 2014 © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2014 Neuromodulation Central pattern generator cGMP signaling cAMP signaling l -arginine The free radical nitric oxide (NO) is now well known to function as a neuromodulator that affects neural...

.... Results from neurophysiological recordings indicate that there may be a central pattern generator (CPG) within the ventricular ganglia regulated by descending inhibition, and the addition of Scg-AST-6 dose-dependently modulates this ventricular ganglion CPG. This work provides a comprehensive picture...

...   L. J. ( 1984 ). Differentiation of the neural pathways mediating cortically induced and dopaminergic activation of the central pattern generator (CPG) for rhythmical jaw movements in the anesthetized guinea pig . Brain Res.   323 , 297 - 301 . Clemens   S. , Katz   P. S. ( 2003...

...-related information in a manner that strengthens the inherent rhythmic pattern and modulates local perturbations. * Author for correspondence ( einat@princeton.edu ) 13 2 2012 © 2012. 2012 central pattern generator frequency entrainment intersegmental coordination locomotion...

..., CA 92521, USA † Author for correspondence ( thigham@ucr.edu ) 24 10 2011 © 2012. 2012 tail autotomy leopard gecko central pattern generator lizard predator avoidance Autotomy is the loss of an appendage (in whole, or part thereof) in response to mechanical...

... CI confidence interval CPG central pattern generator CRG central rhythm generator CTN central timing network L j jaw length M b body mass M j jaw mass N c number of chewing cycles N f number of frames s.d. standard deviation...

... † Author for correspondence ( mark.miller@upr.edu ) 8 12 2009 © 2010. 2010 central pattern generator driver potential bursting B67 conditional synchrony conditional rhythmicity buccal ganglion The ability of neuromodulators to broadly influence and reconfigure...