... accompanied swallowing behavior. Using immunohistochemistry, intracellular electrophysiology and extracellular nerve stimulation, we show that a member of the invGnRH/CRZ family of neuropeptides could be the signal that contextually switches the multifunctional buccal CPG to a biphasic rasping rhythm...

...Ari Berkowitz ABSTRACT Central pattern generators (CPGs) are central nervous system (CNS) networks that can generate coordinated output in the absence of patterned sensory input. For decades, this concept was applied almost exclusively to simple, innate, rhythmic movements with essentially...

... the brain and spinal cord to muscles that perform behaviors. However, studies across phyla indicate that motor neurons also contribute to the function of pattern-generating circuits. CPG Behavior Circuit Collateral Locomotion Vocalization Feeding Behaviors are produced by contractions...

.... Competing interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. 14 7 2014 18 8 2014 © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2014 CPG Buccal ganglia Snail Sensory motor Helisoma Rhythmic movements in animals underlie a vast array of behaviors...

... CPG mouse locomotion spinal cord monoamine sensory Many years ago, Graham-Brown found that coordinated flexor and extensor alternating movements could be produced in the absence of descending or afferent inputs to the lumbosacral spinal cord( Graham-Brown, 1911 ). This important finding...

... programme switching coordination CPG Most, if not all, of the rhythmic behavioural sequences of animals result from the interaction of central pattern generators (CPGs; for reviews see Roberts & Roberts, 1983 ) with sensory feedback. The term ‘CPG’ refers to an ensemble of central neurones...