... and with others. Overlapping communication functions create challenges for signal privacy and fidelity by leaving active-sensing animals vulnerable to eavesdropping, jamming and masking. Here, we present an overview of active-sensing systems used by weakly electric fish, bats and odontocetes, and consider...

... mechanisms have been identified for insect flight. Among these is the leading edge vortex, which is a convergent solution to avoid stall for insects, bats and birds. The roles of the other mechanisms – added mass, clap and fling, rotational circulation and wing–wake interactions – have not yet been...

...Kenneth C. Welch, Jr; Aída Otálora-Ardila; L. Gerardo Herrera M.; José Juan Flores-Martínez ABSTRACT Flying vertebrates, such as bats, face special challenges with regards to the throughput and digestion of food. On the one hand, as potentially energy-limited organisms, bats must ingest...

... of the activation of an immune response, leading to oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and DNA. Yet, it is unknown how long-lived organisms, especially mammals, cope with oxidative stress. Bats are known to carry a variety of zoonotic pathogens and at the same time are, despite their high mass-specific basal...

...Aaron J. Corcoran; William E. Conner SUMMARY Bats and insects provide a model system for integrating our understanding of predator–prey ecology, animal behavior and neurophysiology. Previous field studies of bat–insect interactions have been limited by the technological challenges involved...

...Ulrik Nørum; Signe Brinkløv; Annemarie Surlykke SUMMARY Echolocating bats emit ultrasonic calls and listen for the returning echoes to orient and localize prey in darkness. The emitted source level, SL (estimated signal intensity 10 cm from the mouth), is adjusted dynamically from call to call...

...Carmi Korine; Boris R. Krasnov; Irina S. Khokhlova; Berry Pinshow SUMMARY We examined feeding performance of the flea Xenopsylla ramesis on three different hosts: its natural, granivorous, rodent host, Sundevall’s jird ( Meriones crassus ); the frugivorous Egyptian fruit bat ( Rousettus aegyptiacus...

...Aaron J. Corcoran; Jesse R. Barber; Nickolay I. Hristov; William E. Conner SUMMARY The tiger moth Bertholdia trigona is the only animal in nature known to defend itself by jamming the sonar of its predators – bats. In this study we analyzed the three-dimensional flight paths and echolocation...

... from wind tunnel flights of four lesser dog-faced fruit bats, Cynopterus brachyotis , at speeds ranging from 2.4 to 7.8 m s –1 to construct a time-varying model of the mass distribution of the bats and to estimate changes in the position of their COM through time. We compared accelerations calculated...

...Louis Lazure; M. Brock Fenton SUMMARY There are two very different approaches to laryngeal echolocation in bats. Although most bats separate pulse and echo in time by signalling at low duty cycles (LDCs), almost 20% of species produce calls at high duty cycles (HDCs) and separate pulse and echo...

... is especially relevant for bats, which experience nightly and seasonal fluctuations in body mass of 40% or more. In this study, we examined how the climbing flight performance of fruit bats ( Cynopterus brachyotis ; N =4) was affected by added loads. The body weights of animals were experimentally increased...

...Jens C. Koblitz; Peter Stilz; Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler SUMMARY Recordings of the echolocation signals of landing big brown bats with a two-dimensional 16-microphone array revealed that the source level reduction of 7 dB per halving of distance is superimposed by a variation of up to 12 dB within...

... happens in experimental hyperthyroidism, induced by 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T 3 ) treatment, suggests that this hormone is responsible for the oxidative damage found in tissues from cold-exposed animals. Examination of T 3 -responsive tissues, such as brown adipose tissue (BAT) and liver, shows...

...C. Stawski; F. Geiser SUMMARY Seasonal changes in weather and food availability differ vastly between temperate and subtropical climates, yet knowledge on how free-ranging subtropical insectivorous bats cope with such changes is limited. We quantified ambient temperatures, torpor patterns...

...Annemarie Surlykke; Kaushik Ghose; Cynthia F. Moss SUMMARY Echolocation allows bats to orient and localize prey in complete darkness. The sonar beam of the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus , is directional but broad enough to provide audible echo information from within a 60–90 deg. cone...

...Kaushik Ghose; Jeffrey D. Triblehorn; Kari Bohn; David D. Yager; Cynthia F. Moss SUMMARY Insectivorous echolocating bats face a formidable array of defenses employed by their airborne prey. One such insect defense is the ultrasound-triggered dive, which is a sudden, rapid drop in altitude,sometimes...

... a to measure metabolic rates. In particular, exposure to a daily temperature cycle, even within rest shelters, may be important in timing of torpor and arousal and determining resting energy costs in wild animals. We tested how captive bats( Nyctophilus geoffroyi ; 7 g) exposed to a diurnal T a fluctuation...

...José Iriarte-Díaz; Sharon M. Swartz SUMMARY Maneuvering abilities have long been considered key factors that influence habitat selection and foraging strategies in bats. To date, however, very little experimental work has been carried out to understand the mechanisms that bats use to perform...

... with dietary sugar. Using indirect calorimetry, i.e. measurement of rates of O 2 consumption and CO 2 production, in combination with carbon stable isotope techniques, we found that nectarivorous bats Glossophaga soricina use recently ingested sugars to provide ∼78%of the fuel required for oxidative metabolism...

...Daria Genzel; Lutz Wiegrebe SUMMARY Bats are able to recognize and discriminate three-dimensional objects in complete darkness by analyzing the echoes of their ultrasonic emissions. Bats typically ensonify objects from different aspects to gain an internal representation of the three-dimensional...