... that can enter deep torpor, facultative shallow torpor might help balance energy savings with these potential costs. Deep torpor occurs in three avian orders, but the trade-offs of deep torpor in birds are unknown. Although the literature hints that some bird species (mousebirds and perhaps hummingbirds...

... traits vary with fine-scale microclimate, but this has received less attention in endotherms. Here, we test the hypothesis that avian thermoregulation varies with microclimate and behavioural constraints in a non-passerine bird. Male and female southern yellow-billed hornbills ( Tockus leucomelas...

... patterns in specific volatile compounds previously shown to predict junco reproductive success. Together, our data provide experimental support for the hypothesis that symbiotic bacteria produce behaviourally relevant volatile compounds within avian chemical cues and signals. * Author...

.... R.   Fay ), pp. 124 - 178 . New York : Springer Science and Business Media, Inc . Calford , M. B. and Piddington , R. W. ( 1988 ). Avian interaural canal enhances interaural delay . J. Comp. Physiol. A   162 , 503 - 510 . 10.1007/BF00612515 Carr , C. E...

... starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ) . Horm. Behav.   65 , 329 - 339 . 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.02.010 Davies , S. and Deviche , P. ( 2014 ). At the crossroads of physiology and ecology: food supply and the timing of avian reproduction . Horm. Behav.   66 , 41 - 55 . 10.1016/j.yhbeh...

... DeWolfe , B. B. , Deborah , D. K. and Peyton , L. J. ( 1974 ). Prominent variations in the songs of gambel's white-crowned sparrows . Bird-Banding   45 , 224 - 252 . 10.2307/4512046 Farner , D. S. , King , J. R. and Parkes , K. C. ( 1993 ). Avian Biology , Vol. 9...

... papilla and compared them with those in the mammalian auditory sensory epithelium. As in mammals, the avian auditory hair cell uses KCNQ4, KCNMA1 and KCNMB1 in its K + efflux system. Expression of KCNQ1 and KCNE1 suggests an additional efflux apparatus in avian hair cells. Marked differences were observed...

... , 3 - 11 . 10.1007/BF00692920 Eppley , Z. A. and Russell , B. ( 1995 ). Perinatal changes in avian muscle: implications from ultrastructure for the development of endothermy . J. Morphol.   225 , 357 - 367 . 10.1002/jmor.1052250307 Fongy , A. , Romestaing , C...

...Robert E. Kambic; Thomas J. Roberts; Stephen M. Gatesy ABSTRACT In avian bipeds performing steady locomotion, right and left limbs are typically assumed to act out of phase, but with little kinematic disparity. However, outwardly appearing steadiness may harbor previously unrecognized asymmetries...

... Locomotion Bipedalism Kinematics Avian XROMM Three-dimensional Guineafowl X-ray Animation Comparative anatomy textbooks typically distinguish two basic types of tetrapod limb posture. ‘Sprawling’ forms are portrayed as having laterally abducted limbs that move in a complex three dimensional...

... gradients to allow environmental odour-based navigation. The investigation of the potential role of olfactory cues for navigation in wild birds is still at an early stage; however, the evidence collected so far suggests that olfactory navigation might be a widespread mechanism in avian species...

... between relative proportions of cone classes and either visual habitat or display colour. Overall, we detected little interspecific variation in bowerbird spectral sensitivity and no association between sensitivity and display diversity, which is consistent with the general trend among avian taxa. Fig...

... of myostatin is less clear, but its paradoxical increase in photo-stimulated `migrants' may indicate a role in seasonal adjustments of protein turnover. * Author for correspondence ( eprice2@wisc.edu ) 24 5 2011 © 2011. 2011 avian TLL1 muscle size hypertrophy phenotypic flexibility...

... change. scottg2@mcmaster.ca 9 5 2011 © 2011. 2011 avian bar-headed goose oxygen cascade respiratory physiology pulmonary diffusion capillary mitochondria High-altitude environments pose numerous challenges to animal life. The physical environment changes...

... J. C. , Berger A. J. ( 1966 ). Avian Myology . New York and London : Academic Press . Gillis G. B. , Biewener A. A. ( 2001 ). Hindlimb muscle function in relation to speed and gait: in vivo patterns of strain and activation in a hip and knee extensor of the rat (Rattus...

... DHPR RyR calcium skin avian By its primary function, skin is a protective barrier. It provides a first frontier of defence against a wide variety of physical and organic environmental threats and against the loss of body fluids. The protective characteristics of the skin are associated...

... reorientation and aerodynamic torque estimates correlated, significantly, with asymmetries in the activation profile of four flight muscles: the pectoralis, supracoracoideus, biceps brachii and extensor metacarpi radialis ( r 2 from 0.27 to 0.45, P <0.005). Thus, avian flight maneuvers rely on production...

... of both inertial and aerodynamic effects. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: thedrick@bio.unc.edu ) 6 3 2007 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2007 2007 avian maneuvering biomechanics flight dynamics Eolophus roseicapillus Although the vast majority...

... Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996-1610, USA 17 8 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 locomotion muscle work muscle power avian running One of the remarkable features of the musculoskeletal system is its ability to adapt to the varied mechanical demands...

... production to net energy absorption. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: gabaldoa@science.oregonstate.edu ) 1 4 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 locomotion bird avian lateral gastrocnemius peroneus longus work slope wild turkey Meleagris gallopavo...