... for the study of tetrapod locomotor biomechanics have matured in recent decades. Here, we summarise their progress, relevance and potential. Animation Bone Dynamics Gait Muscle Optimization Horizon 2020 http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010661 695517 The Royal Veterinary College...

... rotate about their long axes to skew limbs mediolaterally through the stride cycle. Locomotion Bipedalism Kinematics Avian XROMM Three-dimensional Numida meleagris X-ray Animation Analyses of avian bipedalism typically focus on steady locomotion. Birds are predominantly studied...

... markers. Here, we present six degree of freedom skeletal kinematic data from maneuvering guineafowl acquired by marker-based XROMM (X-ray Reconstruction of Moving Morphology). Translations and rotations of the hips, knees, ankles and pelvis were derived from animated bone models using explicit joint...

... from the head and thorax of a mosquito. Conversely, when abdomens were not visible or were identical, spiders based their decisions on the appearance of the head plus thorax of mosquitoes, choosing prey with female characteristics. Findings from a subsequent experiment using animated 3D virtual...

...J. E. I. Hokkanen ABSTRACT This review is about a field that does not traditionally belong to biological sciences. A branch of computer animation has its mission to create active self-powered objects living artificial lives in the theoretical biology zone. Selected work, of particular interest...