... available in Table S1 . The ground underfoot exhibits massive complexity, from micro-scale roughness that can affect claw and adhesive engagement, to macro-scale roughness that influences where feet are placed or how animals navigate ( Fig. 1 A). While there may not be a single universal example...

... across challenging and variable habitats, we have pursued diverse studies of the comparative biomechanics of amphidromous goby fishes across functional requirements ranging from prey capture and fast-start swimming to adhesion and waterfall climbing. The pan-tropical distribution of these fishes has...

... that the specific morphology of the floret and the pollen adhesion avoid pollen waste by catapulting pollen within a specific range equal to the size of a flowerhead. The insights into the functional floral oscillation may shed light on the superficially unremarkable, but ubiquitous functional floral design...

...). The adhesive microstructures (AMs) on the euplantulae of phasmids are assumed to be adapted to such substrate properties. Moreover, the natural substrates can often be covered with water as a result of high relative humidity or rain. Although considerable experimental research has been carried out on different...

..., the cribellate thread is one of the earliest thread types that was specialized to capture prey. In contrast to other capture threads, it lacks adhesive glue and consists of nanofibres, which do not only adhere to insects via van der Waals forces but also interact with the insects' cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC...

... functions as a biological adhesive. As a case study to understand how a material manifests from genome through organism to ecology, we highlight moth-specialist spiders, the Cyrtarachninae, and their glues as an ideal experimental system to investigate the relationship between genomics and ecologically...

... by the physical characteristics of the waterfall substrate. In this study, we investigated the influence of surface wettability (hydrophobic versus hydrophilic surface charges) and substrate roughness on the passive adhesive system of four species of gobies with different climbing abilities. Overall, passive...

.... Adhesion at these locations offers remoras drag reduction of up to 71–84% compared with the freestream. Remoras were observed to move freely along the surface of the whale using skimming and sliding behaviors. Skimming provided drag reduction as high as 50–72% at some locations for some remora sizes...

...Hans Pohl; Elena V. Gorb; Stanislav N. Gorb ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to find out how strongly the parasitic insect Stylops ovinae , which has tarsi equipped with tenent hairs and lacking claws, attaches to different substrates. We investigated adhesion of male S. ovinae to the abdomen...

... force. References Autumn , K. , Liang , Y. , Hsieh , S. , Zesch , W. , Chan , W. P. , Kenny , T. W. , Fearing , R. and Full , R. J. ( 2000 ). Adhesive force of a single gecko foot-hair . Nature   405 , 681 - 685 . 10.1038/35015073 Arzt , E. , Gorb...

... eschscholtzii , is due to behavior that negatively impacts contact area. There was no clear evidence of scaling of adhesive strength with increasing body size. Salamander maximum cling angle is the result of morphology and behavior impacting the detachment stresses experienced during clinging. Table 1...

...Dakota Piorkowski; Todd A. Blackledge; Chen-Pan Liao; Anna-Christin Joel; Margret Weissbach; Chung-Lin Wu; I.-Min Tso ABSTRACT Composites, both natural and synthetic, achieve novel functionality by combining two or more constituent materials. For example, the earliest adhesive silk in spider webs...

... ) Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests. 29 7 2019 11 12 2019 © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2020 http://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/ Summary: Suction adhesion plays an important role in the function...

...Thies H. Büscher; Stanislav N. Gorb ABSTRACT Stick insects are well adapted in their locomotion to various surfaces and topographies of natural substrates. Single pad measurements characterised the pretarsal arolia of these insects as shear-sensitive adhesive pads and the tarsal euplantulae as load...

... and a force-measuring landing pad disguised within a furled leaf analogue. We found that their landing maneuvers are distinct among all bats observed to date. Landings comprised three phases: (1) approach, (2) ballistic descent and (3) adhesion. During approach, bats adjusted trajectory until centered...

... described adhesive latch. Once the latch releases, the transient ‘leg’ launches the body into the air. Their average takeoff speeds (mean: 0.85 m s −1 ; range: 0.39–1.27 m s −1 ) and horizontal travel distances (up to 36 times body length or 121 mm) rival those of legged insect jumpers and their mass...

..., permitting extreme hyperflexion (i.e. curling up the foot tip). We found that despite the lack of adhesive foot pads, these moderately sized arthropods are able to scale vertical smooth surfaces, if the surface is curved. Comparison of three species of harvestmen differing in leg morphology shows...

... attachment forces on various surfaces. Biomechanics Interlocking Friction Adhesion Ecomorphology Parasitism Pulvilli Empodium Louse flies (Diptera: Hippoboscidae) are obligate blood-sucking ectoparasites of mammals and birds ( Bequaert, 1953 ). Therefore, an effective and reliable...

...Iain D. C. Hill; Benzheng Dong; W. Jon P. Barnes; Aihong Ji; Thomas Endlein ABSTRACT The adhesive mechanisms of climbing animals have become an important research topic because of their biomimetic implications. We examined the climbing abilities of hylid tree frogs on vertical cylinders...

..., extensible piriform silk to subdue hazardous prey. This derived use of attachment silk comes with strong modifications of the spinning apparatus and reduces the ability to attach structural silk threads. Spider silk Piriform silk Adhesion Prey capture Tensile test Spinneret Araneophagy...