Deoxygenation and warming affect adult fish physiology in all aquatic ecosystems, but how these stressors impact the energetics of sensitive developing stages is largely unknown. Addressing this knowledge gap, we investigated chronic and acute effects of two stressors (high-temperature and hypoxia) in yolk-sac larval (48-168 hpf) zebrafish (Danio rerio) energy budgets measuring, oxygen consumption rate (ṀO2), growth rate (absolute (AGR) & specific (SGR)), % net conversion efficiency (KN), net cost of growth (Cr) and scaling relationships. Embryos and larvae were raised under four chronic treatments, 1) control (28°C & pO2 21kPa, T28O21), 2) high-temperature (31°C & pO2 21kPa, T31O21), 3) hypoxia (28°C & pO2 11kPa, T28TO11), and 4) high-temperature and hypoxia (31°C & pO2 11kPa, T31O11). From each chronic treatment, larvae were acutely exposed to the same combinations of stressors for 1h in a respirometer. At hatching, larvae from chronic high-temperature (T31O21 & T31O11) treatments were larger, (higher dry mass (MD) & standard length (Ls)) than controls (T28O21 & T28O11), but by the end of the yolk-sac stage, increased metabolic demands diverted energy away from growth increasing Cr and lowering % KN. Control metabolic scaling relationships were significant (metabolic exponent b, log-log slope; 0.83±0.68±95% CI, combined b of 1.19±0.25) and differed from 0.75, but metabolic levels (La) were lower (2.11±0.90) in acute hypoxia (3.35±1.52) and high-temperature/hypoxia (2.61±1.55). Thus, high-temperature dominated larval energetics acting synergistically with hypoxia increasing cumulative energetic costs and making allostasis difficult compared to older stages.
Multiple stressors, allostasis and metabolic scaling in developing zebrafish
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- Funder(s): University of North Texas
- Award Id(s): (GP64231)
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Ione Hunt von Herbing, Francis T. C. Pan; Multiple stressors, allostasis and metabolic scaling in developing zebrafish. J Exp Biol 2022; jeb.244095. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.244095
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