Learning and memory play a central role in behavior and communication of foraging bees. We already showed that chronic uptake of the neonicotinoid thiacloprid affects the behavior of honey bees in the field. Foraging behavior, homing success, navigation performance, and social communication were impaired. Thiacloprid collected at a feeding site at low doses accumulates in foragers over time. Here we applied a laboratory standard procedure, the proboscis extension response (PER) conditioning, in order to assess which processes, acquisition, memory consolidation and/or memory retrieval were compromised after bees were fed either with thiacloprid or the formulation of thiacloprid named Calypso® at 3 different sublethal doses. Extinction and generalization tests allowed us to investigate whether bees respond to a learned stimulus, and how selectively. We show that thiacloprid, as active substance and as formulation, poses a substantial risk to honeybees by disrupting learning and memory functions. These data support and specify the data collected in the field.

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