The environments in which animals develop and evolve are profoundly shaped by bacteria, which affect animals both indirectly through their roles in biogeochemical processes and also through direct antagonistic or beneficial interactions. The outcomes of these activities can differ according to environmental context. In a series of laboratory experiments with diapausing eggs of the water flea Daphnia magna, we manipulated two environmental parameters, temperature and presence of bacteria, and examined their effect on development. At elevated temperatures (≥26 °C), resting eggs developing without live bacteria had reduced hatching success and correspondingly higher rates of severe morphological abnormalities compared to eggs with bacteria in their environment. The beneficial effect of bacteria was strongly reduced at 20 °C. Neither temperature nor presence of bacteria affected directly developing parthenogenetic eggs. The mechanistic basis of this effect of bacteria on development is unclear, but these results highlight the complex interplay of biotic and abiotic factors influencing animal development after diapause.
Temperature-dependent benefits of bacterial exposure in embryonic development of Daphnia magna resting eggs
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Alexandra A. Mushegian, Elodie Burcklen, Tobias M. M. Schär, Dieter Ebert; Temperature-dependent benefits of bacterial exposure in embryonic development of Daphnia magna resting eggs. J Exp Biol 2016; jeb.134759. doi: https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.134759
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