It's hard to find peace and quiet these days. No matter where you are, you can usually hear the rumble of passing cars or an aeroplane overhead. Humans tackle noisy environments by raising their voices, but how has our continual racket affected the calls of other species? This is the question that puzzled University of Ottawa honours student Dalal Hanna when she struck up a collaboration with David Wilson from the University of Windsor. ‘We were both doing fieldwork at the Queen's University Biological Station. My expertise is in animal communication and her interest was in conservation biology, so we joined forces,’ recalls Wilson (p. 3549).
Drawing on the experience of Gabriel Blouin-Demers and staff at the Research Station, Hanna and Wilson decided to find out how anthropogenic noise might affect the calls of red-winged blackbirds by comparing the songs of populations living in marshes adjacent to Canadian Provincial Highway no. 15 to the songs of red-winged blackbirds from pristine marshes on the biology station.
Heading into the marshes in the early morning, Hanna and Wilson recorded the calls of birds adjacent to the highway, before the traffic – and noise – levels became too high, and in the relative peace of the wilderness. ‘Working in the marshes was a bit of a challenge,’ admits Wilson, ‘you can't walk into or through them so you are confined to the perimeter and even then it can be very soggy and difficult to move through to record different birds around the edges of the marshes.’
After successfully recording 436 songs from over 60 birds, Wilson teamed up with Daniel Mennill to analyse and compare the birds' calls. ‘The challenge was separating the signal from the background noise to make very accurate measurements of the songs,’ recalls Wilson. However, they eventually found that the final harsh trill of the song produced by the highway population had become deeper and more whistle-like than the wilderness birds' songs: in other words, the song had become more tonal, allowing the birds to be heard above the road noise. Also, instead of gaining low frequency components, the highway birds had lost the higher frequencies found in their rural cousin's songs, leaving the low frequency sounds that travel further for communication.
Next, Hanna and Wilson wondered how the wilderness red-winged blackbirds would respond if they suddenly encountered noise levels that the highway population endure constantly. Could they adapt and, if so, would they use the same strategy as Highway no. 15's neighbours?
Playing white noise and silence to the wilderness birds and recording their songs, Wilson and Hanna successfully extracted the noise from the recordings and compared the songs. Again, the bird's songs had become more whistle-like as they competed with the noise. So, even though the birds had never experienced traffic noise, they were able to adjust their calls in exactly the same way as birds that had been living with human noise for generations.
But how could these song changes affect the birds' lifestyles? Wilson says that it would be interesting to find out whether the alteration affects mate selection by females and how males defend their territories. ‘Ultimately, we could use this information to identify the real costs of anthropogenic noise in terms of survival and reproduction in birds and use that as a model for gauging the effects on other species, as well as ones that are more endangered,’ says Wilson.
