... ). Impaired myocardial angiogenesis and ischemic cardiomyopathy in mice lacking the vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms VEGF164 and VEGF188 . Nat. Med.   5 , 495 - 502 . 10.1038/8379 Colello , S. J. and Coleman , L.-A. ( 1997 ). Changing course of growing axons in the optic chiasm...

...Jill A. Sakai; Mary C. Halloran The optic chiasm is an important choice point at which retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons either cross the midline to innervate the contralateral brain or turn back to innervate the ipsilateral brain. Guidance cues that regulate this decision, particularly those...

..., they cross to the contralateral side of the brain at the optic chiasm. Second, they turn caudally in the mid-diencephalon. Finally,they must recognize the optic tectum as their target. The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM)families are zinc (Zn)-dependent...

...Thomas Pratt; Natasha M. M.-L. Tian; T. Ian Simpson; John O. Mason; David J. Price During normal development, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) project axons along the optic nerve to the optic chiasm on the ventral surface of the hypothalamus. In rodents, most RGC growth cones then cross the ventral...

... to progress normally from the optic chiasm into the optic tracts. The underlying cause is unknown but, in principle, can result from either the disruption of guidance mechanisms that mediate axon exit from the midline chiasm region or defects in growth cone signaling required for entry into the lateral...

... to all other retinal axons they seem to be deflected from the midline of the optic chiasm and thereby led into the ipsilateral optic tract. In order to analyse the interactions between growing fibres and chiasm midline, we have developed the following in vitro model. Axons of the embryonic rat retina...

... and Jeffery, 1989 ). The distribution of uncrossed axons thus indicates that positional cues are not sufficient to account for the choice made by axons when they reach the optic chiasm. 05 01 1990 © 1990 by Company of Biologists 1990 optic chiasm axonal pathway optic axons Dil...