... to distinct NGC subtypes and positioned in different cortical layers ( Fig. 5 B, Table S15 ). Conversely, when the sg Tox2 GFP plasmid was co-electroporated, we observed a complete depletion of NGCs in the cortex ( Fig. 5 A). Concomitantly, we observed cell distribution alterations in the hypothalamus at P10...

...Frédéric Causeret; Matthieu X. Moreau; Alessandra Pierani; Oriane Blanquie ABSTRACT Cajal-Retzius neurons (CRs) are among the first-born neurons in the developing cortex of reptiles, birds and mammals, including humans. The peculiarity of CRs lies in the fact they are initially embedded...

... malformations. Agenesis Axonal guidance and plasticity Callosal projecting neurons Corpus Callosum Cortex Development Interhemispheric The corpus callosum (CC) is the major axonal tract of the mammalian brain and the principal path transferring information between hemispheres ( Fame et al...

...Pietro Fazzari; Niall Mortimer; Odessa Yabut; Daniel Vogt; Ramon Pla ABSTRACT Cortical interneurons (CINs) originate in the ganglionic eminences (GEs) and migrate tangentially to the cortex guided by different attractive and repulsive cues. Once inside the cortex, the cellular and molecular...

.../ Summary: mRNA electroporation is a powerful new method for functional studies in neonatal and adult neural stem cells as well as postmitotic neurons. Adult neurogenesis Subventricular zone Olfactory bulb Cortex Dicer microRNA pathway Manipulation of gene expression in the brain...

.... Islet Chemoattractant Radial migration Nrp2 Sema3a Neural development Cortex Mouse Human Pancreatic islets are named for their most characteristic feature: islets are endocrine cell clusters dispersed throughout an abundant sea of exocrine tissue. The molecular and signaling origins...

... and the resulting pathology. Zika Cortex iPSC Microcephaly Organoids The rapidly advancing field of stem cell biology continually provides new insights into basic biology and human disorders, as well as innovative approaches to develop new patient treatment strategies. In the past 10 years, human...

..., epidermal and cortical cells do not form narrow, ring-like preprophase bands (PPBs), which are plant-specific, cytoskeletal structures that predict the position of the division plane before mitosis. The results indicate that in the cortex but not in the epidermis, division plane positioning and patterning...

...Katrin Gerstmann; Daniel Pensold; Judit Symmank; Mukhran Khundadze; Christian A. Hübner; Jürgen Bolz; Geraldine Zimmer The phenotype of excitatory cerebral cortex neurons is specified at the progenitor level, orchestrated by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here, we provide evidence...

... Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. 5-HT6 receptor Migration Serotonin Cortex Cdk5 Mouse Fig. 1. In vivo downregulation...

...Zoltán Molnár; Alex Pollen The human cerebral cortex is generally considered the most complex organ, and is the structure that we hold responsible for the repertoire of behavior that distinguishes us from our closest living and extinct relatives. At a recent Company of Biologists Workshop...

...Marianeli Rodriguez; Jeonghoon Choi; Sungjin Park; Shanthini Sockanathan The mammalian cortex is a multilaminar structure consisting of specialized layer-specific neurons that form complex circuits throughout the brain and spinal cord. These neurons are generated in a defined sequence dictated...

... formation, we conditionally ablated Olig2 in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. In the Olig2 -ablated cortex and spinal cord, the formation of astrocytes in the white matter is severely compromised. Temporally controlled mutagenesis revealed that postnatal Olig2 function is required for astrocyte...

... lamination and cortical arealization, but whether and how its level of expression affects its function is unclear. We studied the developing cortex of PAX77 YAC transgenic mice carrying several copies of the human PAX6 locus with its full complement of regulatory regions. We found that PAX77 embryos express...

.... Assimacopoulos, S., Grove, E. A. and Ragsdale, C. W. ( 2003 ). Identification of a Pax6-dependent epidermal growth factor family signaling source at the lateral edge of the embryonic cerebral cortex. J. Neurosci. 23 , 6399 -6403. Bertrand, N., Castro, D. S. and Guillemot, F. ( 2002 ). Proneural genes...

... is required for normal brain size, and regulates lateral expansion of the proliferative zone in the developing cortex and hippocampus. In its absence, proliferation of stem cells in the ventricular zone (VZ) is compromised. In early cortical progenitors, Id4 is required for the normal G1-S transition...

... that affects ∼0.6 per 1000 newborns. In wild-type mice, Lhx2 and Emx1 are expressed in a dorsoventral gradient in the cortical neuroepithelium. In the RFX4_v3 mutants, Lhx2 and Emx1 expression levels were similar to those seen in the ventral part of the normal cortex, suggesting that dorsal parts...

... of the cerebral cortex and meninges. These heterotopias are frequently observed as microscopic abnormalities in the brains of individuals with central nervous system (CNS) malformations and epilepsy. Previous work has demonstrated that the function of Emx2 , which encodes a homeodomain transcription factor...

...Oscar Marín; Andrew S. Plump; Nuria Flames; Cristina Sánchez-Camacho; Marc Tessier-Lavigne; John L. R. Rubenstein Tangential migration from the basal telencephalon to the cortex is a highly directional process, yet the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here we show that the basal...

... organization of microtubules without massive depolymerization. These results suggest that MUK/DLK/ZPK and JNK regulate radial cell migration via microtubule-based events. *Author for correspondence (e-mail: sh3312@med.yokohama-cu.ac.jp ) 27 6 2002 © 2002. 2002 Cortex JNK Microtubules...