... defects, including disruptions of chondrocyte polarity. ror1 −/− mutants appear to be phenotypically wild type, but loss of both ror1 and ror2 leads to more severe cartilage defects, indicating partial redundancy. Skeletal defects in ror1/2 double mutants resemble those of wnt5b −/− mutants, suggesting...

...D'Juan T. Farmer; Punam Patel; Rachelle Choi; Chih-Yu Liu; J. Gage Crump ABSTRACT Proper function of the vertebrate skeleton requires the development of distinct articulating embryonic cartilages. Irx transcription factors are arranged in co-regulated clusters that are expressed in the developing...

... containing mature airway epithelial cells surrounded by cartilage and SM remains a challenge. In 3D lung organoids, the mesenchyme co-develops with NKX2-1 + respiratory epithelium progenitors, indicating the need for synchronized development of the epithelium and mesenchyme. Dye and colleagues first...

...Jennyfer M. Mitchell; Juliana Sucharov; Anthony T. Pulvino; Elliott P. Brooks; Austin E. Gillen; James T. Nichols ABSTRACT During craniofacial development, different populations of cartilage- and bone-forming cells develop in precise locations in the head. Most of these cells are derived from...

..., but can also control cell fate or tissue morphogenesis. Here, we investigate the function of the Hippo pathway during the development of cartilage, which forms the majority of the skeleton. Previously, YAP was proposed to inhibit skeletal size by repressing chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation...

... of chondrocytes in Meckel's cartilage to drive jaw outgrowth, however the specific factors controlling this process remain unknown. Here, we use in vitro and ex vivo cell and tissue culture, as well as genetic mouse models, to identify IGF1 as a novel angiocrine factor directing Meckel's cartilage growth during...

... ). Distal humerus in hominoid evolution . Folia Primatol.   23 , 227 - 244 . 10.1159/000155673 McLeod , M. J. ( 1980 ). Differential staining of cartilage and bone in whole mouse fetuses by Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red S . Teratology   22 , 299 - 301 . 10.1002/tera.1420220306...

... during foregut development. Here, we found that ablation of the Wnt chaperone protein Gpr177 (also known as Wntless) in mouse tracheal epithelium causes a significant reduction in the number of basal progenitor cells accompanied by cartilage loss in Shh-Cre;Gpr177 loxp/loxp mutants. Consistent...

... insights into the ancestral mechanisms involved in neural crest patterning. Lamprey Pharynx Cartilage Cranial ganglia Head skeleton Craniofacial development Vertebrate evolution A key event in early vertebrate evolution was the transition from a sessile, filter-feeding lifestyle to one...

...Pengfei Xu; Bartosz Balczerski; Amanda Ciozda; Kristin Louie; Veronika Oralova; Ann Huysseune; J. Gage Crump ABSTRACT Facial form depends on the precise positioning of cartilage, bone, and tooth fields in the embryonic pharyngeal arches. How complex signaling information is integrated to specify...

... achondrogenesis type 1A (ACG1A). ACG1A is surprisingly tissue specific, mainly affecting cartilage development. Bone development is also abnormal, but as chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are closely coupled, this could be a secondary consequence of the cartilage defect. A possible explanation for the tissue...

..., we established a role for lncRNAs in chondrocyte differentiation. Using RNA sequencing we identified a human articular chondrocyte repertoire of lncRNAs from normal hip cartilage donated by neck of femur fracture patients. Of particular interest are lncRNAs upstream of the master chondrocyte...

... rescued the mutant phenotype of premature cartilage maturation, thereby indicating that IGF2 controls bone growth by regulating glucose metabolism in chondrocytes. This work links glucose metabolism with cartilage development and provides insight into the fundamental understanding of human growth...

...Björn Bluhm; Harald W. A. Ehlen; Tatjana Holzer; Veronika S. Georgieva; Juliane Heilig; Lena Pitzler; Julia Etich; Toman Bortecen; Christian Frie; Kristina Probst; Anja Niehoff; Daniele Belluoccio; Jocelyn Van den Bergen; Bent Brachvogel Cartilage originates from mesenchymal cell condensations...

.... Cell   35 , 358 - 365 . 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.10.004 Barske , L. , Askary , A. , Zuniga , E. , Balczerski , B. , Bump , P. , Nichols , J. T. and Crump , J. G. ( 2016 ). Competition between Jagged-Notch and endothelin1 signaling selectively restricts cartilage...

.... H. , Skinner , R. E. H. , Roddy , K. A. , Araujo , N. M. , Rayfield , E. J. and Hammond , C. L. ( 2016b ). Differential effects of altered patterns of movement and strain on joint cell behaviour and skeletal morphogenesis . Osteoarthritis Cartilage   24 , 1940 - 1950...

...Thomas P. Lozito; Rocky S. Tuan Lizards are amniotes with the remarkable ability to regenerate amputated tails. The early regenerated lizard tail forms a blastema, and the regenerated skeleton consists of a cartilage tube (CT) surrounding the regenerated spinal cord. The proximal, but not distal...

...Paolo Bianco; Pamela G. Robey Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) reside in the postnatal bone marrow and give rise to cartilage, bone, hematopoiesis-supportive stroma and marrow adipocytes in defined in vivo assays. These lineages emerge in a specific sequence during embryonic development and post natal...

...Jianquan Chen; Fanxin Long Much of the mammalian skeleton is derived from a cartilage template that undergoes rapid growth during embryogenesis, but the molecular mechanism of growth regulation is not well understood. Signaling by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1...

... three-dimensional elements connected by joints. By contrast, the head skeleton of modern jawless vertebrates (agnathans) consists of thin rods of flexible cellular cartilage, a condition thought to reflect the ancestral vertebrate state. To better understand the origin and evolution of the gnathostome...