..., and demonstrated the predominant expression of P-cadherin not only in the hair follicle placode, but also at the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the limb bud. Based on the evidence that mutations in the p63 gene also result in hypotrichosis and SHFM, and that the expression patterns of p63 and P-cadherin overlap...

...Pengfei Lu; George Minowada; Gail R. Martin A major function of the limb bud apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is to produce fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) that signal to the underlying mesenchyme. Previous studies have suggested that of the four FGF genes specifically expressed in the mouse AER...

...Yasuhiko Kawakami; Concepción Rodríguez Esteban; Takaaki Matsui; Joaquín Rodríguez-León; Shigeaki Kato; Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte Initiation and maintenance of signaling centers is a key issue during embryonic development. The apical ectodermal ridge, a specialized epithelial structure...

... , expression in the posterior fin bud. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: carl.neumann@embl-heidelberg.de ) 11 4 2003 © 2003. 2003 Zebrafish Limb development fgf24 fgf10 tbx5 wnt2b ikarus Pectoral fin Apical ectodermal ridge Vertebrate paired appendages...

...Ying Liu; Chunqiao Liu; Yoshihiko Yamada; Chen-Ming Fan Proximal-to-distal growth of the embryonic limbs requires Fgf10 in the mesenchyme to activate Fgf8 in the apical ectodermal ridge (AER),which in turn promotes mesenchymal outgrowth. We show here that the growth arrest specific gene 1 ( Gas1...

... pattern. Limb growth along the proximodistal (PD) axis is controlled by the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), a specialized epithelium that forms at the distal junction between dorsal and ventral ectoderm. Using retroviral-mediated misexpression of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist Noggin...

... is specified by the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), which forms from limb ectoderm at the distal tip of the embryonic limb bud. Analyses of the expression of molecular markers, such as Fgf8, demonstrate that formation of the AER was disrupted in the Bmpr mutants. Along the dorsal/ventral axis, loss of engrailed...

...Ana Teresa Tavares; Tohru Tsukui; Juan Carlos Izpisúa Belmonte ABSTRACT In vertebrates, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a specialized epithelium localized at the dorsoventral boundary of the limb bud that regulates limb outgrowth. In Drosophila , the wing margin is also a specialized region...

... signaling is required to maintain the proximal Meis domain in the limb. RA synthesis and signaling range, which initially span the entire lateral plate mesoderm, become restricted to proximal limb domains by the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) activity following limb initiation. We identify fibroblast growth...

... neck, flank and tail can migrate into limb buds in response to FGF4, which mimics extension of the apical ectodermal ridge. Furthermore, when we apply simultaneously a polarizing signal and a limb induction signal to early chick flank, this leads to limb duplications. In still older mouse embryos...

... a defect in the apical ectodermal ridge, an essential limb organizing center. In the double mutant, the ridge appeared flattened, and ridge cells did not show a columnar morphology. A strong reduction in ridge cell proliferation and alterations of the basal lamina underlying the ectoderm were observed...

...Sandrine Pizette; Lee Niswander The apical ectodermal ridge (AER), a transient specialized epithelium at the distal limb tip, is essential for vertebrate embryonic limb outgrowth along the proximodistal axis. Among all the molecules expressed in the AER, only the Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs...

... , A. , Ros , M. A. , Savage , M. , Olwin , B. and Simandl , B. K. ( 1994 ). FGF2: apical ectodermal ridge growth signal for the chick limb development . Science 264 , 104 – 107 . 10.1126/science.7908145 Flenniken , A. M. , Gale , N. W. , Yancopoulos , G. D...

.... , Yeo , C.-Y. , Pisenti , J. , Henrique , D. , Abbott , U. K. , Fallon , J. F. and Tabin , C. ( 1997 ). Expression of Radical fringe in limb-bud ectoderm regulates apical ectodermal ridge formation . Nature 386 , 366 – 373 . 10.1038/386366a0 Laufer , E...

... the genes. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: n.vargesson@ucl.ac.uk ) 18 03 1997 © 1997 by Company of Biologists 1997 fatemap limb development chick embryo apical ectodermal ridge DiI labelling Hoxd-13 Fgf-4 The vertebrate limb is an excellent model for studying...

...Julie Kuhlman; Lee Niswander ABSTRACT During early limb development, distal tip ectoderm is induced by the underlying mesenchyme to form the apical ectodermal ridge. Subsequent limb growth and patterning depend on reciprocal signaling between the mesenchyme and ridge. Mice that are homozygous...

... AER apical ectodermal ridge D-V patterning EN1 FGF8 limb development limbless SHH Sonic hedgehog WNT7A Development of the vertebrate limb depends on the establishment and maintenance of discrete signaling centers within the limb bud: the apical ectodermal ridge (here termed...

..., Fgf - 8 transcripts are detected in the intermediate mesoderm and subsequently in the prelimb field ectoderm prior to the formation of the apical ectodermal ridge, structures required for limb initiation and outgrowth, respectively. Later on, Fgf - 8 expression is restricted to the ridge cells...

...Adrian Hardy; Michael K. Richardson; Philippa H. Francis-West; Concepción Rodriguez; Juan-Carlos Izpisúa-Belmonte; Delphine Duprez; Lewis Wolpert ABSTRACT The developing chick limb has two major signalling centres; the apical ectodermal ridge maintains expression of several important genes...

...David C. Chan; Anthony Wynshaw-Boris; Philip Leder ABSTRACT Mice homozygous for the recessive limb deformity (ld) mutation display both limb and renal defects. The limb defects, oligodactyly and syndactyly, have been traced to improper differentiation of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER...