It has been long appreciated that sex-hormone receptors are expressed in various non-gonadal organs. However, it remains unclear how sex hormones regulate the morphogenesis of these non-gonadal organs. To address this question, we used a male mouse model of androgen-dependent salivary gland morphogenesis. Mice with excessive cholesterol synthesis in the salivary glands exhibited defects in the maturation of granular convoluted tubules (GCTs), which is regulated through sex hormone-dependent cascades. We found that excessive cholesterol synthesis resulted in autophagy failure specifically in the duct cells of salivary glands, followed by the accumulation of NRF2, a transcription factor known as one of the specific substrates for autophagy. The accumulated NRF2 suppressed the expression of Foxa1, which forms a transcriptional complex with the androgen receptor to regulate target genes. Taken together, our results indicate that cholesterol metabolism plays a crucial role in GCT differentiation through autophagy.
Cholesterol metabolism plays a crucial role in the regulation of autophagy for cell differentiation of granular convoluted tubules in male mouse submandibular glands
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