Dynamic regulation of Notch1 activation and Notch ligand expression in human thymus development

T-cell development is a complex dynamic process that relies on ordered stromal signals delivered to thymus-seeding progenitors that migrate throughout different thymus microenvironments (TMEs). Particularly, Notch signaling provided by thymic epithelial cells (TECs) is crucial for T-cell fate specification and generation of mature T cells. Four canonical Notch ligands (Dll1, Dll4, Jag1 and Jag2) are expressed in the thymus, but their spatial distribution in functional TMEs is largely unknown, especially in humans, and their impact on Notch1 activation during thymopoiesis remains undefined. Based on immunohistochemistry and quantitative confocal microscopy on fetal, postnatal and adult human and mouse thymus samples, we show that spatial regulation of Notch ligand expression defines discrete Notch signaling niches and dynamic species-specific TMEs in human thymopoiesis. We further show that Notch ligand expression, particularly Dll4, is tightly regulated in cortical TECs during human thymus ontogeny and involution. Also, we provide the first evidence that Notch1 activation is induced in vivo in CD34⁺ progenitors and developing thymocytes at particular cortical niches of the human fetal and postnatal thymus. Collectively, our results show that human thymopoiesis involves complex spatiotemporal regulation of Notch ligand expression, which ensures the coordinated delivery of niche-specific Notch1 signals required for dynamic T-cell development.